American cancer society identifies 6 factors that are linked to almost half of all cancer cases – Times of India

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex challenge affecting millions globally. It claims many lives each year, but some risk factors are within our control. By addressing these modifiable factors through healthier lifestyles—quitting smoking, eating nutritious foods, staying active, using sunscreen, and moderating alcohol—we can reduce cancer incidences and save lives significantly.

A new study published in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, the flagship journal of the American Cancer Society close to 50% of all cancer cases can be prevented by making changes in 6 risk factors.

The study from the American Cancer Society has said: Lung cancer had the highest number of cancer cases (201,660) and deaths (122,740) attributable to evaluated risk factors, followed by female breast cancer (83,840 cases), skin melanoma (82,710), and colorectal cancer (78,440) for attributable cases and by colorectal (25,800 deaths), liver (14,720), and esophageal (13,600) cancer for attributable deaths. Large numbers of cancer cases and deaths in the United States are attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors.

The potential risk factors

• Cigarette and second-hand smoking
• Excess body weight
• Alcohol consumption
• Diet
• Physical inactivity
• Ultraviolet radiation
• Infections like HPV

Overall, researchers analyzed 18 modifiable risk factors across 30 types of cancer.

One of the ultimate solution to reduce cancer risk: STOP SMOKINGSmoking emerges as the most dominant modifiable risk factor for cancer, implicated in almost 20% of cancer cases and nearly one-third of cancer-related deaths. Its impact spans across several types of cancers, prominently lung cancer but extending to others like bladder, throat, and pancreatic cancers. The detrimental impact of tobacco smoke is multifaceted, from introducing carcinogens directly into the body to promoting genetic mutations and impairing immune function, thereby fostering tumor development and progression.

Excess body weight contributes significantly to cancer incidenceObesity is linked to higher risks of colorectal, breast (post-menopausal), and esophageal cancers, among others. Excess body weight is not just a number on a scale—it significantly impacts cancer treatment and outcomes in several profound ways. When we carry extra weight, our bodies undergo complex changes that can fuel cancer growth and make treatment more challenging.

Excess body fat produces hormones and growth factors that promote inflammation and cell proliferation, creating an environment conducive to cancer development and progression. For example, in breast cancer, fat tissue can increase estrogen levels, which may stimulate hormone-receptor-positive tumors.

Moreover, obesity can complicate cancer treatment itself. Surgical procedures may be more technically difficult and carry higher risks, such as wound complications or infections. Radiation therapy might be less effective in obese patients due to difficulties in targeting tumors accurately and increased toxicity to surrounding healthy tissues. Chemotherapy doses might need adjustment because drug distribution in fat tissue can alter its effectiveness.

Fortunately, even modest weight loss can make a significant difference.

Alcohol consumption is another noteworthy risk factorAlcohol consumption heightens the likelihood of developing cancers of the liver, mouth, throat, and breast. Its effects on cancer treatment are profound and often overlooked. The link between alcohol and cancer is well-established, with even moderate drinking increasing the risk of several cancers, including those of the mouth, throat, liver, breast, and colon.

During cancer treatment, alcohol can interfere with the body’s ability to heal and recover. For instance, it can weaken the immune system, making it harder to fight off infections or recover from surgery. Alcohol also impacts how medications are processed in the body, potentially reducing the effectiveness of chemotherapy or increasing the risk of side effects.

Liver cancer, in particular, is directly linked to alcohol consumption. Excessive drinking over time can lead to cirrhosis, which increases the likelihood of developing liver cancer. For those undergoing treatment for liver cancer, alcohol consumption can exacerbate liver damage and complicate recovery.

Reducing alcohol consumption or abstaining completely can significantly improve cancer treatment outcomes.

Physical inactivity correlates with increased cancer risksPhysical inactivity is increasingly recognized as a significant risk factor for cancer. While exercise is well-known for its cardiovascular and muscular benefits, its role in reducing cancer risk is equally crucial. Sedentary lifestyles contribute to a higher likelihood of developing several types of cancer, including colon, breast (post-menopausal), and endometrial cancers.

The mechanisms linking physical inactivity to cancer risk are multifaceted. Regular physical activity helps regulate hormones such as insulin and estrogen, both of which can promote cancer growth when levels are chronically elevated. Exercise supports a healthy immune system, crucial for detecting and eliminating early cancerous cells before they can proliferate.

Physical activity plays a pivotal role in maintaining a healthy body weight. Obesity, often a consequence of insufficient exercise, is a significant risk factor for many cancers. Exercise helps to burn excess calories, reduce fat tissue, and maintain muscle mass, all of which contribute to a lower overall cancer risk.

It promotes better circulation and oxygenation of tissues, which can reduce inflammation—a common denominator in many chronic diseases, including cancer. Improved circulation also enhances the delivery of nutrients and removal of waste products from cells, supporting overall cellular health and resilience against cancerous changes.

Incorporating regular exercise into daily routines doesn’t require extreme measures; even moderate activities like brisk walking, swimming, or cycling can make a difference. Small changes, such as taking the stairs instead of the elevator or scheduling short exercise breaks during the day, can gradually increase physical activity levels and reduce cancer risk. By prioritizing movement and regular exercise, individuals can significantly enhance their overall health and reduce their chances of developing cancer later in life.

Infections such as HPV (Human Papillomavirus) increase cancer riskInfections like Human Papillomavirus (HPV) are directly linked to an increased risk of developing several types of cancer. HPV is a common virus transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, most often during sexual activity. While the body’s immune system can often clear HPV infections without any symptoms, persistent infections with high-risk HPV strains can lead to cellular changes that may progress to cancer over time.

HPV is notably associated with cervical cancer, where nearly all cases are caused by persistent infection with high-risk HPV types. The virus can also lead to cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx (the middle part of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils).

Vaccination against HPV has proven highly effective in preventing infections with the most common cancer-causing strains of the virus. The HPV vaccine is recommended for both boys and girls before they become sexually active, ideally between ages 9 to 12, as it provides the best immune response at this age. Regular screenings, such as Pap smears for cervical cancer, can detect precancerous changes early, allowing for timely intervention and treatment.

“These findings reinforce that the morbidity and premature mortality from cancer in the United States can be substantially reduced through broad and equitable implementation of known preventive initiatives, such as excise taxes on cigarettes to reduce smoking, screening for and treating HCV infection, and vaccination against HPV infection,” the researchers have said.

How to make these changes?Reducing cancer risk through lifestyle changes involves practical steps that anyone can take. Start with quitting smoking, which is single-handedly the most impactful action. Seek support from friends, family, or cessation programs—it’s tough but incredibly rewarding for your health. Next, maintain a healthy weight through balanced nutrition and regular exercise. Focus on a diet rich in colorful fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins while limiting processed foods, sugars, and fats.

Stay active! Find activities you enjoy, whether it’s walking, dancing, or sports—it all counts toward lowering your cancer risk. Limit alcohol intake; moderation is key to reducing risks for cancers like breast and liver. Protect yourself from the sun with sunscreen, hats, and clothing to prevent skin cancer.

Get vaccinated against viruses like HPV and hepatitis B, which can lead to certain cancers. Regular screenings and check-ups are crucial too; early detection saves lives. Always remember, small changes add up—incorporate these steps gradually into your routine for lasting benefits. Your choices today can significantly impact your cancer risk tomorrow—empower yourself with knowledge and take charge of your health!