Enzyme discovery paves way for greener cancer treatments

Scientists from The University of Manchester have uncovered a more efficient and sustainable way to make peptide-based medicines, showing promising effectiveness in combating cancers.

The researchers discovered a new family of ligase enzymes – a type of molecular glue that can help assemble short peptide sequences more simply and robustly, yielding significantly higher quantities of peptides compared to conventional methods.

Peptides are comprised of small chains of amino acids, which are also the building blocks of proteins.

They play a crucial role in our bodies and are used in many medicines to fight diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and infections.

Peptides are also used as vaccines, nanomaterials and in many other applications.

However, making peptides in the lab is currently a complicated process involving chemical synthesis, which produces a lot of harmful waste that is damaging to the environment.

The new research could help revolutionise the production of treatments for cancer and other serious illnesses, offering a more effective and environmentally friendly method of production.

Professor Jason Micklefield, who led the team at The University of Manchester, said: “Using our new ligase enzymes we can produce peptides with promising anti-cancer activity in a single process with excellent yields.

“Previously, these types of peptides were produced in much lower yields, by a very laborious 10-12 step chemical synthesis process. By combining different ligases together in a single cascade reaction, we can make many different peptides.”

For many years, scientists have been working on new ways to produce peptides.

Most existing techniques rely on complex and heavily protected amino acid precursors, toxic chemical reagents, and harmful volatile organic solvents, generating large amounts of hazardous waste.

The current methods also incur high costs, and are difficult to scale up, resulting in limited and expensive supplies of important peptide medicines.

The team in Manchester searched for new ligase enzymes involved in the biological processes that assemble natural peptides in simple bacteria.

They successfully isolated and characterised these ligases and tested them in reactions with a wide range of amino acid precursors.

By analysing the sequences of the bacterial ligase enzymes, the team identified many other clusters of ligases likely involved in other peptide pathways.

The study provides a blueprint for how peptides, including important medicines, can be made in the future.

Dr Guangcai Xu, who also worked on the project said: “The ligases we discovered provide a very clean and efficient way to produce peptides.

“By searching through available genome sequence data, we have found many types of related ligase enzymes.

“We are confident that using these ligases we will be able to assemble longer peptides for a range of other therapeutic applications.”

Following the discovery, the team will now optimise the new ligase enzymes, to improve their output for larger scale peptide synthesis.

They have also established collaborations with a number of the top pharmaceutical companies to help with rolling out the new ligase enzyme technologies for manufacturing future peptide therapeutics.